Philosophical Ethics | |
Phụ đề: | Dimensions of Philosophy Series |
Tác giả: | Stephen Darwall |
Ký hiệu tác giả: |
DA-S |
DDC: | 170 - Triết học đạo đức |
Ngôn ngữ: | Anh |
Số cuốn: | 1 |
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Preface | XV |
Part 1: Introduction | |
1. What Is Philosophical Ethics? | 3 |
Ethical Opinion and Human Life, | 3 |
Ethical Inquiry: Normative Ethics, | 5 |
Philosophical Inquiry About Ethics: | |
Metaethics | 8 |
Philosophical Ethics | 12 |
A Plan of Study | 14 |
Part 2: Metaethics | |
2. Metaethics: The Basic Questions | 17 |
The Objective Purport of Ethical Conviction | 17 |
What Is There for Ethical | |
Convictions to Be About? | 21 |
A Related Problem Concerning Evidence in Ethics | 22 |
A Fundamental Dilemma of Metaethics | 25 |
Suggested Reading | 26 |
3. Naturalism | 27 |
Metaphysical Naturalism and Ethics | 27 |
Ethical Naturalism, 30 | 30 |
Problems for Ethical Naturalism | 34 |
Suggested Reading | 38 |
4. Theological Voluntarism | 39 |
Reductive Versus Nonreductive Supernaturalism | 40 |
Theological Voluntarism | 40 |
What Theological Voluntarism Is Not | 42 |
A Reductive Account of God’s Authority | 46 |
Problems for Theological Voluntarism | 46 |
Suggested Reading | 47 |
5. Rational Intuitionism | |
Irreducibility and Objective Purport | 50 |
Ethical Perception? | 50 |
The Nature of Rational Intuitionism | 51 |
Necessity and Rational Perception | 51 |
Problems for Rational Intuitionism | 52 |
Suggested Reading | 54 |
6. The Ideal Judgment Theory | |
Hume’s Challenge, Again | 55 |
Three Models of Ethical Judgment | 57 |
Aspects of Ideal Judgment | 58 |
Problems for the Ideal Judgment Theory | 59 |
Another Version of the Ideal Judgment | |
Theory? Ideal Practical Judgment or Agency Theory | 60 |
Suggested Reading | 61 |
7. The Error Theory and Ethical Relativism | |
The Error Theory | 63 |
Ethical Relativism | 64 |
What Ethical Relativism Is Not | 66 |
Could Ethical Relativism Be True | 68 |
Suggested Reading | 70 |
8. Noncognitivism | |
Varieties of Noncognitivism | 72 |
The Sources of Noncognitivism | 74 |
Problems for Noncognitivism and Possible Responses | 75 |
Suggested Reading | 79 |
9. Interlude | 81 |
Part 3: Philosophical Moralists | |
10. Hobbes I | 87 |
Hobbes’s Context | 87 |
Desire, Deliberation, and Value | 90 |
Laws of Nature and Normativity | 93 |
11. Hobbes II | 97 |
The Problem of Collective Action | 97 |
What If Everyone Did That? | 100 |
Fairness, Natural Law, and Political Authority | 101 |
Why Should We Keep Promises? | |
Hobbes’s Reply to the Fool | 102 |
Summary: Hobbes’s Theory of Morality and | |
Moral Obligation | 106 |
Conclusion and Remaining Issues | 107 |
Suggested Reading | 108 |
12. Mill I | 109 |
Prelude: Ethical Thought and Social Context | 109 |
Mill’s Project | 110 |
A "Criterion of Right and Wrong" | 111 |
Nonmoral Good and Hedonism | 113 |
Pleasure, Desire, and Mill’s “Proof,” | 114 |
Hedonism and the Genesis of Desire | 118 |
Desire, Higher Goods, and the Ideal Judgment Theory | 119 |
Mill’s Value Theory: A Summary | 122 |
13. Mill II | 123 |
Good To and Good For | 123 |
From Value to Morality | 125 |
From Moral Good to Moral Right: | |
Act-Utilitarianism | 127 |
Defending AU Against Some Objections | 129 |
Objections to AU: Some Case Studies | 131 |
Justice and Rules: Rule-Utilitarianism | 132 |
RU Versus AU and the Normativity of Morality | 137 |
Suggested Reading | 138 |
14. Kant I | 139 |
Moral Internalism and Externalism | 139 |
The Critical Philosophy: Theoretical and Practical | 140 |
Rational Agents, Reasons, and Universal Laws: | |
A Preliminary | 142 |
Kant’s Project in the Groundwork | 144 |
Morality: Necessity, Universality, and the A Priori | 145 |
The Good Will | 147 |
Moral Worth | 149 |
A Derivation of the Categorical Imperative? | 152 |
15. Kant II | 155 |
Categorical Versus Hypothetical Imperatives | 155 |
The Formula of Universal Law | 158 |
The Formula of the End in Itself | 163 |
The Formula of Autonomy and the Realm of Ends | 166 |
One Categorical Imperative? | 167 |
Deontology or Consequentialism? | 168 |
Kant’s Internalism: An Ideal Agent Theory | |
of Normative Reasons | 169 |
Final Thoughts | 172 |
Suggested Reading | 172 |
Part 4: Philosophical Ethics Without Morality? | |
16. Nietzsche | 177 |
A Genealogy of Morals | 178 |
Nietzsche’s Critique of Morality: | |
The Basic Idea | 179 |
Natural Good and Bad (Noble and Base): | |
The Ethics of Aristocracy | 182 |
Morality, Hatred, and the Herd | 184 |
A Perfectionist Ethics | 186 |
Beyond Morality? | 188 |
Morality Versus “Supramorality,” | 189 |
Suggested Reading | 189 |
17. Aristotle I | 191 |
The Chief Good | 192 |
Ethical Truth and Ethical Wisdom | 200 |
18. Aristotle II | 203 |
Virtue, Ideals, and the Noble | 203 |
Ethical Education: Acquiring Virtue | 206 |
The Theory of the Mean | 208 |
Principles and Practical Wisdom | 210 |
Conclusion | 214 |
Suggested Reading | 215 |
19. Ethics of Care | 217 |
Moral Development: From the Perspectives | |
of Kohlberg and Gilligan | 218 |
Ethics of Rights Versus Ethics of Care | 220 |
An Example | 221 |
What Is at Issue | 223 |
Particularism | 224 |
Morality as Derivable from Individual - | |
Regarding Care and Respect | 225 |
Conclusion | 228 |
Suggested Reading | 228 |
Notes | 229 |
Glossary | 233 |
Index | 245 |