Philosophical Ethics | |
Phụ đề: | An Introduction to Moral Philosophy |
Tác giả: | Tom L. Beauchamp |
Ký hiệu tác giả: |
BE-T |
DDC: | 170 - Triết học đạo đức |
Ngôn ngữ: | Anh |
Số cuốn: | 1 |
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Preface | XI |
Part One: Fundermantal Questions | |
1. Morality and Moral Philosophy | 3 |
The Watergate Coverup | 3 |
Morality | 4 |
The Nature of a Moral Position | 7 |
Ronald Dworkin: “The Concept of a Moral Position” | 7 |
The Object of Morality | 11 |
G. J. Wamock: “The Object of Morality” | 12 |
Approaches to the Study of Morality | 16 |
The Remainder of This Text | 18 |
Suggested Supplementary Readings | 19 |
2. Relativity, Pluralism, and Individuality in Morals | 21 |
Mercy Killing in Canada | 21 |
Relativism in Morals | 22 |
J. L. Mackie: “Relativism and the Claim to Objectivity” | 24 |
Richard B. Brandt: “Relativism and Ultimate | |
Disagreements about Ethical Principles” | 27 |
Moral Disagreement | 34 |
Alasdair MacIntyre: “Moral Disagreements” | 35 |
Egoism | 42 |
David Gauthier: “The Incompleat Egoist” | 50 |
Suggested Supplementary Readings | 54 |
3. Justification and Truth | 57 |
Organ Procurement Policies | 57 |
Moral Arguments and Moral Justification | 59 |
Internal and External Justifications | 60 |
Ultimate Justification and Individual Choice | 65 |
William K. Frankena: “Why Be Moral?” | 66 |
Cognitivism | 69 |
Noncognitivism | 73 |
Moral Realism and Antirealism | 77 |
David McNaughton: “Morality—Invention or Discovery?” | 79 |
J. L. Mackie: “Subjectivism, Objectivism, and the Error Theory” | 86 |
Reflective Equilibrium | 91 |
John Rawls: “Some Remarks about Moral Theory” | 92 |
Conclusion | 95 |
Suggested Supplementary Readings | 96 |
Part two: Classical Ethical Theories | |
4. Mill and Utilitarian Theories | 101 |
Health Policy for Hypertension | 101 |
The Objectives of Normative Theories | 103 |
The Utilitarian Conception of Morality | 104 |
John Stuart Mill: “Utilitarianism” | 106 |
The Concept of Utility | 112 |
Act Utilitarianism | 117 |
J. J. C. Smart: “An Outline of a System of Utilitarian Ethics” | 118 |
Rule Utilitarianism | 121 |
Richard B. Brandt: “Some Merits of One Form of | |
Rule - Utilitarianism” | 127 |
Criticisms and Defenses of Utilitarianism | 127 |
Robert Nozick: “Moral Constraints and Moral Goals” | 133 |
Conclusion | 137 |
Suggested Supplementary Readings | 137 |
5. Kant and Deontological Theories | 140 |
Plutonium Secrets | 140 |
The Deontological Conception of Morality | 142 |
John Rawls: “Utilitarianism and Deontology” | 144 |
Kant’s Ethics | 147 |
Immanuel Kant: “The Good Will and the Categorical Imperative” | 150 |
Prima Facie Obligations | 156 |
W. D. Ross: “What Makes Right Acts Right?” | 157 |
Respect for Persons and Respect for Autonomy | 161 |
Deontological Constraints | 165 |
Thomas Nagel: “The Limits of Objectivity” | 167 |
Criticisms and Defenses of Deontological Theories | 172 |
Conclusion | 175 |
Suggested Supplementary Readings | 175 |
6. Aristotle and Virtue Theories | 180 |
The Virtues of Jane Addams | 180 |
The Concept of Virtue | 182 |
Aristotelian Ethics | 185 |
Aristotle: “Moral Virtue” | 190 |
The Special Place of the Virtues | 196 |
Alasdair MacIntyre: “The Nature of the Virtues” | 200 |
Can Virtues and Obligations Coexist? | 203 |
Moral Ideals and Moral Excellence | 205 |
Joel Feinberg: “Obligation and Supererogation” | 207 |
Criticisms and Defenses of Virtue Ethics | 211 |
Robert B. Louden: “On Some Vices of Virtue Ethics” | 212 |
Conclusion | 216 |
Suggested Supplementary Readings | 217 |
7. Hume and Humean Theories | 220 |
Drinking Dessert Wines | 220 |
Hume’s Moral Philosophy | 222 |
David Hume: “The Principles of Morals” | 225 |
Morals by Invention | 236 |
J. L. Mackie: “The Content of Ethics” | 237 |
Morals by Agreement | 242 |
David Gauthier: “David Hume, Contractarian ” | 243 |
The Voice of Moral Sentiment | 247 |
Annette Baier: “Hume, the Women’s Moral Theorist?” | 251 |
Criticisms of Humean Ethics | 256 |
Conclusion | 258 |
Suggested Supplementary Readings | 258 |
Part Three: Topics In Moral And Social Philosophy | |
8. Rights | 263 |
The Taliban in Control | 263 |
Rights and Human Rights | 265 |
Liberalism and Its Communitarian Critics | 268 |
Joel Feinberg: "Liberalism and Dogmatism” | 268 |
The Communitarian Rejection of Liberalism | 273 |
Charles Taylor: “Atomism” | 275 |
eremy Waldron: “ When Justice Replaces Affection: | |
The Need for Rights ” | 279 |
Rights against Oppression | 284 |
Susan Moller Okin: “Feminism, Women’s Human Rights, | |
and Cultural Differences” | 285 |
Types of Rights | 290 |
The Contingency of Rights | 294 |
Right-Based Ethical Theories | 299 |
Conclusion | 301 |
Suggested Supplementary Readings | 301 |
9. Justice | 305 |
Nuclear Fallout in the Marshall Islands | 305 |
The Nature of Justice | 307 |
Principles of Justice | 309 |
The Libertarian Theory | 312 |
Robert Nozick: “The Entitlement Theory” | 315 |
The Egalitarian Theory | 322 |
John Rawls: “An Egalitarian Theory of Justice ” | 325 |
Criticisms of Theories of Justice | 335 |
Alasdair MacIntyre: “Rival Justices, Competing Rationalities” | 336 |
Susan Moller Okin: “The Family: Beyond Justice?” | 340 |
Conclusion | 345 |
Suggested Supplementary Readings | 345 |
10. Liberty | 348 |
Restricting Access to the Internet | 348 |
The Concepts of Autonomy and Liberty | 349 |
The Valid Restriction of Liberty | 352 |
John Stuart Mill: “On Liberty” | 356 |
Legal Moralism | 359 |
Robert R George: “Making Men Moral” | 362 |
The Offense Principle | 366 |
Joel Feinberg: " 'Harmless Immoralities' and Offensive Nuisances " | 369 |
Paternalism | 373 |
Gerald Dworkin: “Paternalism” | 377 |
Conclusion | 383 |
Suggested Supplementary Readings | 383 |